A Struggle for Acceptance of Gays Essay -- Homosexuality Religion Marr

A Struggle for Acceptance of Gays "When the dust settles and the pages of history are written, it will not be the angry defenders of intolerance who have made the difference, that reward will go to those who dared to step outside the safety of their privacy in order to expose and rout the prevailing prejudice." - John Shelby Spong Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Newark, NJ November 21, 1996 During World War II and especially the twenty years after brought great political and social changes to the U.S.. Undoubtedly, one of the major changes was the new awareness of homosexuality. If this new awareness was to the advantage or if it was really wanted by the gay and lesbian population is a question that arises; if they really had a choice in the matter is another. I think gays' relentless struggle for acceptance into mainstream society came from the American constitution itself. After all, the gay liberation movement started in America, the land of the free, where all men are created equal and with an inalienable right to pursue their own happiness. No one should be able to take these rights away from anyone. Also, in the 1950s, the civil rights movement became active and words like desegregation and equal rights for all became synonymous with the American way of life. Stand up and fight against those who have done you wrong! This is what gave homosexuals such a conviction to start fighting for their own cause. This paper will follow the progress of gay and lesbians in the twentieth century before, during and after World War II. What was their position in the armed forces during the war and what was government and military policy during and after the war on gays in the army and in government positions? How did gay and lesbians respond to the new policies after the war and why were organizations like the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis founded? On December 7, 1941 at 7:55 a.m. local time, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. The Unites States declared war on Japan and was suddenly a participant in the largest war in the history of mankind. A massive military force of 12 million men was assembled. American soldiers were sent to Europe and Japan to participate and win the Big One. The military bureaucracy grew accordingly and thousands of new jobs were created. With the military's enormous demand for personnel... ...os Angeles newspaper in March 1953 linking "sexual deviates" with "security risks" who were banding together to wield "tremendous political power". The Mattachine Society was restructured, with a more transparent organization, and its leadership replaced. It also changed its aims to the assimilation of homosexuals into general society, which reflected its rejection of the notion of a homosexual minority. However the Society declined, and at its convention in May 1954 only forty-two members attended. The Mattachine Society produced the monthly periodical ONE Magazine , starting in January 1953 and eventually achieving a circulation of 5000 copies. The regular publication of the magazine ceased in 1968, but its publisher, ONE Inc., still exists. In January, 1955 the San Francisco branch of the Mattachine Society began a more scholarly journal, Mattachine Review , which lasted for ten years. The periodicals reached previously isolated individuals and helped Mattachine to become better known nationally. Chapters functioned in a number of USA cities through the 1960s. However, they failed to adapt to the radical militantism after the Stonewall Rebellion and faded away.

ICT in marketing

Promotional campaigns. Recommending the use of the products at micro level would result in increasing productivity of the input and thereby increasing the image and the sales of the product can raise the input demand for rural markets. Joint or co-operative promotion A personalised approach is required under this strategy of rural marketing. Under this approach there is a greater scope for private sector and farmer organisation to get into input supply and especially into retail distribution, as it is a low risk activity.Bundling of inputs In order to reap the benefits of, the economies of the scale a rural marketer has to esort to bundling of inputs. ‘Bundling of Inputs' is the process by which the marketer would provide a bundle of products to the retailer so that he can meet the requirements of the farmers in one place. The village level co-operatives and other agencies can play an effective role in the distribution of inputs. Establishing linkages with financial agencies an d other input sellers can help greatly as the bank credit plays an important role by making the purchase possible.Management of Demand A marketer apart from maintaining good supplies in terms of quality and quantity also has to focus on the demand side of the operations also. Continuous January 2006 | www. i4d. csdms. in market research should be undertaken to assess the buyer's needs and problems so that continuous improvements and innovations can be undertaken for a sustainable market performance. Developmental marketing Developmental marketing refers to taking up marketing programmes keeping the development objective in mind and using various managerial and other inputs of marketing to achieve these objectives.A prerequisite for developmental marketing is Development Market Research, which can be termed as the application of marketing research tools and techniques to the problems of development. The research tools of marketing like product testing tests marketing, concept testing and media testing or message test and focus groups are used in this work. Developmental marketing has started to find its roots in India where researchers are using focus groups and products tests to learn more about rural markets and products needs and USPs (Unique Selling Proposition) can be tried out.Media rural marketing uses both kinds of media i. e. the traditional media as well as the modern media. The traditional media includes puppetry, drama, folk theatre e. g. tamsaha (role play of different characters by one or two persons), nautanki (short kits with songs and poetry), street plays, folk songs, wall paintings and proverbs. Marketer uses traditional media as it is more accessible, personalised, familiar and carries a high potential for change. The modern media includes the print media, the television and the radio USPs. 21 Some ot the USPs ot the companies engaged in rural marketing are given below.Mahindra Tractors- ‘Mera Desh Mera Gaon' (My country my village) Ta fe Tractors-‘Grameen Bharat ki Dhadkan' Tafe ka Massey Ferguson(The heart beat of rural India its Tafe's Massey Ferguson) SwaraJ Tractors- ‘Pragati aur Khush-hali ke iye' (For development and happiness) Escorts- ‘Nay' technique ke sath, Bharosa Jeevan bhar Ka' (A life long trust with new techniques) Eicher-‘Ghazab ki takat, ghazab ki shaan' (Incredible strength, Incredible pride) Sun Seeds- ‘Grow with Sun' ICl Karate Insecticide'Keedon ka Maha-kaal, Phasal Ka Pehredaar' (Insects enemy protector of the crops).Pesticide India- ‘Desh ke liye Phasal Anek, Keedon ke Naash ke liye Foratox Sirf Ek (Numerous crops for the country but only for destroying pests i. e. Foratox). Thus the companies use different formats to influence the target audience in order to produce the desired results. Extension Services. There are several limitations of rural marketing in the Indian context, this leads to the need for extension services to supplement the efforts of the firms engaged in rural marketing.The various extension services could include credit facilities, competitions among the farmers, educating the farmers regarding the appropriate agricultural practices, etc. Extension services would thus play a crucial role in the development of rural marketing in India. Ethics in Business Ethics occupies a special place in rural marketing, and has been at the heart of all the transactions whether cash or kind. In order to make a lasting impact on the rural clients, the firms need to built a trustful relationship and that is possible by no other means but only by ethical conduct.Partnership for sustainability There is a need to build partnership with rural clients for a sustainable business relationship and sustainable marketing relationship. There should be a long-term relationship between the firms and farmers for agro business projects, which are risky, long drawn and technical in nature. Partnership is required in rural marketing business so as t o award distributorship to local groups and individuals employing ocals, staff secondment in local projects, preferential purchase of local product, training to locals and discount on product supplies in some areas.Rural marketing firms can work with NGOs also because NGOs have better linkages and understanding of the local communities and their problems. NagarJuna fertilisers and Chemicals Ltd has set up an agro output division which is known as FMS (Farm Management Service) which provides packages to the farmers right form soil testing to post harvest stage of the crop system. The FMS aims at enhancing farm productivity optimising cost of production, improving conomic returns to farmers and enhancing the cost of production and enhancing the produce quality.Conclusion Rural marketing in India nas still a long way to go, rural marketers nave to understand the fact that rural marketing in India has a tremendous potential in our country. Rural marketers should understand this fact and try to tap the huge untapped potential in our country. NepaLinux NepaLinux is a Debian and Morphix based GNU/Linux distribution focused for Desktop usage in Nepali language computing. It contains applications for Desktop users like: OpenOffice. org, Nepali Gnome Desktop, Nepali input systems tc.Since January 2004, Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya, the principal archive of books and periodicals in the Nepali language, undertook the Nepal component of the 30- month long PAN Localisation Project (www. PANLIOn. net), a multi-nation localisation project being conducted in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, with the support of International Development and Research Centre (IDRC), Canada. This project includes a Nepali GNU/Linux distribution ‘NepaLinux' comprising of localised GNOME, OpenOffice. org, Mozilla suite, and other utilities that nclude Nepali Spellchecker, Thesaurus, Nepali Unicode support, etc.This distribution can be used in Nepali as well in English environment. Though NepaLinux is basically a live CD it can also be installed in the computer. The work for the installation process has been facilitated through the European Commission supported Bhasha Sanchar Project (www. bhashasanchar. org) which is led by the Open University (I-JK). NepaLinux is a Free/Open Source Software (FOSS), in which the source code is open and the users have the freedom to use, study, modify according to one's needs and redistribute it. NepaLinux, being a Free/

Dce Unit 6

E1. Collate evidence which describes the role of the practitioner in working towards a healthy lifestyle and environment for children. In this section I will cover the role of the practitioner in working to provide children with a healthy lifestyle and how it is really important of making sure that the child gets everything they need to stay healthy. There are many different ways the practitioner can promote a healthy lifestyle and this can be done through: Activities children can do to understand and gain a healthy lifestyle: Reading booksRole play- farm shop Physical games- running, riding bikes and scooters and soft play area Spending time washing hands after going to the toilet, before eating or after sneezing Brushing your teeth (not all settings do this but some do to encourage children to be able to brush their teeth on their own) Singing songs that can help children to understand about healthy foods and not healthy. It is important not to tell children that crisps and chocola te is not good for you because they may not want to eat it.There is no good or bad food it is just a case of balancing the child’s diet so it is part of the practitioner’s role to provide healthy snacks and meals to ensure that they are getting their five-a-day. Having tick charts can be a good way to promote a healthy lifestyle. By ticking off each day what the child has had to eat can encourage them to eat more healthily. Daily exercise- children like to run around but for those who like to sit quietly, the practitioner should plan activities to include those children so they are getting the exercise they need in order to have a healthy lifestyle.E2. Provide information about legislation which supports the rights of children to a healthy lifestyle. Here are some legislations that support the rights of children: LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION Human Rights Act 2000 This act was designed to give children the same rights as adults. United Convention on the Rights of the Child T his act seeks respect that children have a right to and deserve. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 This act is designed to make sure that adults working with children and other vulnerable groups are vetted not just in childcare but also in other organisations.Childcare Act 2006 This act incorporates the welfare standards with which all settings with children under the age of eight use the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS). Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) This act states which substances which can make people ill or injure themselves must be stored and used in the proper manner. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995 This act requires the recording of any accidents or illnesses at the setting or work placement.E3. Provide information about a range of factors which may affect children’s health and well-being at differing times in their lives. Factors that affect the health of children: Poverty St ress Pollution Housing Unsafe environments Low birth weight Smoking Drug and alcohol misuse during pregnancy Lifestyle Families and community Illness and disability Most of these factors have a negative factor on a child's health but some of them can have a positive effect. For example a child's lifestyle can make a huge difference to his health.If a child is eating a well-balanced diet then the child's health would be a good one because he is getting all the nutrients and vitamins he needs. And it a child is very active the child can benefit from this because as they grow older the exercise they have done while they are young will enable them to do a lot more things when they are older. E4. Include evidence of the effects of these factors on children’s health. These are the consequences that the factors stated in E3 that affect a child’s health: SmokingSmoking during pregnancy can result in the child being smaller, having a low birth weight and the child is more likel y to suffer from asthma when they are older or at a very young age. Poor housing Poor housing can affect children’s health through dampness, over-crowding and infestation of insects and other vermin. Poverty If people are living in poverty they will not be able to require adequate housing which will then affect their health as mentioned above. Department of Health states that â€Å"families living in poverty are less likely than other families to access health and other supportive services.In addition to this children will be more susceptible to obesity tooth decay and unnecessary injury†. Some children may already be exposed to diseases but are not diagnosed until something happens to trigger it. E5. Include examples of different routines for children which will maintain a healthy lifestyle. All children need a routine otherwise they will get really confused and it may cause them to be distressed. Below is an example of a routine for a one year old. TIME ACTIVITY REAS ON RISKS 9:00 Arrive and meet and greet 1:1 settling. Time for parents to talk to key person and to discuss any changes.Builds social and emotional development Opportunity to learn more about the child No risk 9:30 Registration Builds social development No risk 9:45 Play time whilst adult carries out observations one that child or others. Builds PSED, CD, KUW, PD and CLL. Depends what activity the child is doing also depends on the development area Toys being damaged and the child hurting himself 10:15 Snack time sits with other children Stays healthy and builds social development Possible risk of choking on food 10:30 Outside play Builds PD, KUW, PSRN, CLL, PSED and CD. Could fall over; hurt themselves on the toys outside. 1:00 Choosing- does whatever the other children do Lets the child decide on what she wants to play with (child-initiated) Toys could be damaged or broken. 11:30 Sleep/read stories Relaxation No risk 12:00 Lunch time Stays healthy and builds social development Ris k of choking on food 12:30 Sleep/story time Relaxation No risk 1:00 Play- outside or inside (child initiated) Builds PSED, CD, KUW, PD and CLL. Toys could be damaged or broken 1:30 Soft play with Builds CD,KUW, CLL, PSRN, PSED, and PD.Child falling off and hurting themselves 2:00 Play- whilst adult carries out observation Builds PSED, CD, KUW, PD and CLL. Allows the practitioner to plan activities the child can do. Toys broken 3:00 Home time Spends the rest of the day with parents No risk It is really important that a routine is followed with any child because it keeps them safe, promotes a healthy diet, allows time for the child to exercise whether it is through play or physical activity, keeps the child stimulated, allows them to have times of sleep and rest, promotes hygiene, builds a child’s independence and it shows the child love and affection.Not all children follow the same routine so the practitioners need to plan and put together routines for children who have spec ific needs so they will not be left out otherwise they could develop self- esteem and self-confidence problems when they are older. (ref E8) E6. Include descriptions of TWO activities which are suitable to use with children to promote a healthy lifestyle. There are many activities for children that enable the practitioner to promote a healthy lifestyle. For example, at placement I have come up with an activity promoting hygiene.I have noticed that some children do not like to use soap so the activity I have come up with an idea that allows children to make their own soap that they can use to stay hygienic and prevent germs. It also gives the children a sense of independence and ownership. Below is a recipe for making soap. Instructions Set a kitchen vegetable grater into a large bowl, and give it to your child. Show her how to grate a white or light-colored bar of soap into the bowl. You’ll need one cup of soap shavings. Ask her to split the shavings into four smaller bowls. Give your child a bowl of warm water and a spoon.Have her to dip the fingers of one hand into the water and shake it into one of the bowls of soap shavings. Add several drops of liquid food coloring, and ask her to stir the mixture. Add more coloring drop by drop to deepen the shade until she’s happy with it. Have her scoop the blob of soap out of the bowl and knead it into a ball. Ask her to knead, pinch, pull, stretch and generally mess with it until it’s pliable with the consistency of Play-Dough. If it’s too stiff, add a few more drops of warm water. Show your child how to pinch off small pieces of the soap dough ball and form them into shapes.Roll a ball of dough into a cylinder about ? -inch thick or a little larger to make a fat crayon for pudgy fingers. Encourage her to create silly animals, geometric shapes or anything else that she can think of. Press some of the dough into the cells of ice trays for some uniformly shaped soap crayons. Line a cookie sh eet with paper towels. Arrange the completed shapes on the towels with space in between them. Put the sheet of soap shapes and the ice trays into the freezer for 10 minutes. Remove the cookie sheet and the ice trays from the freezer. Pop the crayons out of the ice trays and add them to the shapes on the cookie sheet.Set the tray of soap crayons in a cool, dry spot for two days to harden and dry thoroughly. When doing an activity with children the practitioner must be aware of each individual child’s needs and capabilities. For example, some of the children may not like the feel of the soap in their hands when in the stage of molding it together so when I come to do this activity I will put out spoons so the children have the choose whether they want to use spoons or not. This way none of the children will be left out just because they did not like the feel of the soap. This way I am showing a diverse and inclusive practice. (ref E8. )

Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr Essay

There is no doubt that there are many similarities between Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry Thoreau though they did not live in the same century. King himself declared that he was greatly influenced by Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedient. The two civil right activists had similar ideas on justice in the society. It is also believed that Thoreau’s work was also influenced by Ralph Emerson who initiated the thoughts about transcendentalism in him. Although some people believe that King was more influenced by Mahatma Gandhi, the great Indian leader, it is important to note that the ideas of Gandhi were based on the ideas put forward by Thoreau. Moreover, King stated that while in college, he read Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedient which inspired very strong feelings on him (Arsenault, pg 62). The main difference between Thoreau and King is the context in which each one of them operated. It is also important to note that King was most vocal a century after Thoreau had left the scene. Thoreau was an author historian and a philosopher in the 19th century. One of his most famous books other than the civil disobedient essay was the Walden which had the main theme as simple living. Thoreau was also a white American since his grandfather was a Frenchman. He was opposed to the injustices against the minority in the society in the mid 19th century which included African Americans being used as slaves and the Mexican American war. On the other hand, King was a clergyman. He is considered to be the greatest civil activists in America in the 20th century. He was the leader of African Americans civil rights movement. In the mid 20th century, there was no slavery in the United States but the African Americans were segregated and discriminated by the dominant race. King mobilized African Americans in protest matches and civil disobedient as a way of fighting for justice in the society (Powell, pp 26). Despite the two activists working in different centuries, they changed the civil rights traditions of civil rights and reforms in the American society. Thoreau was the first person to introduce the idea of civil disobedient as channel of pushing for reforms in the American society. Since the publication of his essay on civil disobedient in the mid 19th century, his ideas have transformed activism in the whole world. The most famous influence of Thoreau ideas was on King’s letter which he wrote while in prison in Birmingham. In the letter, King states that Thoreau essay convinced him that not cooperating with what is evil is as essential as cooperation with what is good. This is a clear indication that King’s ideas on civil rights movement were directly borrowed from Thoreau’s ideas. The letter did not only support the idea on non violent civil disobedient in human rights protest but also expounded on the ideas introduced by Thoreau in the 19th century (Schroeder, pp 1). Thought the two activists had different views on the rights and freedom of all in the society, their views were based on the same idea. The basic idea was that the oppressed need to take an active role in the fight against their rights. They were more concerned about the unequal treatment of the minorities in the society either being enslaved or segregated. While Thoreau advocated for personalized rights, King advocated for public awareness of the freedoms and rights for the good of all (Chernus, pp 305). Though the letter from Birmingham by Martin Luther King Jr. was based on the same idea with the civil disobedient essay by Thoreau, the two authors were different on all aspects. However, this does not negate the fact that both played an important role in securing freedom for the African Americans. Thoreau aided in securing freedom for the fugitive slaves in the 19th century through his strong criticism against slavery while King led non violent protest matches and civil disobedient against the Jim Crows laws that segregated African Americans. They both held a strong position that unjust laws should be opposed by the masses (Powell, pp 26). The effectiveness of civil disobedient and peaceful direct action in the second half of the 20th century led by King was inspired by the effectiveness of the approach in India led by Gandhi. Thoreau’s ideas had been proved to be effective in India. King reintroduced Thoreau’s ideas into the American protest traditions which were very effective. The legacy of the two great men is still evident in the American society as well as other societies of the world today. It is common for environmentalists, civil rights activists and same sex marriage supporters to invoke the words of King and Thoreau to defend their positions (Powell, pp 26). It is indisputable that Thoreau in the 19th century and King in the 20th century played an important role in the fight for African American rights. They introduced the idea of civil disobedient in the American society which proved to be effective. Though both of them were radically different, there ideas on civil rights and civil disobedient were very similar.

Economic Consequences of Credit Market Failure in Uganda Assignment

Economic Consequences of Credit Market Failure in Uganda - Assignment Example Its influence is becoming increasingly pervasive through a constant series of federal court decisions as well as steady enlargement in the size and scope of administering agencies. "The failure of formal credit institutions to serve the poor is due to a combination of high risks, high costs and consequently low returns associated with such business." (Orkut et al. 2004:5) Despite the pressure from the International agencies and Governments of the developed nations it will neither fruitful for the economy of the developing countries nor for the consumers of these countries to implement terms and conditions of lending and borrowing as applied in the developed countries. Factors contributing to this argument are many and varied, which include: Difference in economic conditions. Difference in technology and skills. Dependence economies of both the countries on Labour intensive industries. Loss of competitive advantage in international trade. The economy of Uganda is considered as one of the fastest growing economy in the African countries. The growth in the Gross domestic Product of Uganda has reached to 6.9%per year from 2.9% in the era of 1980s according to World Bank. (World Bank 2004:183) As a consequence of this growth,Appleton (2001:4)has estimated,based on household surveys,that the poverty headcount (defined relative to a poverty line close to the widely used dollar a day)has declined substantially:From 56%in 1992 to 34%in 1999/2000 - mainly because mean consumption per adult equivalent rose by 4.7%%per annum over this period (its distribution worsened slightly).Wider measures of poverty (the poverty gap ratio P1 and the poverty severity ratio P2)declined even more tha n the poverty headcount ratio (P0),thus indicating that the...This responsibility is being increasingly codified in law and various governmental orders. Its influence is becoming increasingly pervasive through a constant series of federal court decisions as well as steady enlargement in the size and scope of administering agencies. Despite the pressure from the International agencies and Governments of the developed nations it will neither fruitful for the economy of the developing countries nor for the consumers of these countries to implement terms and conditions of lending and borrowing as applied in the developed countries. The economy of Uganda is considered as one of the fastest growing economy in the African countries. The growth in the Gross domestic Product of Uganda has reached to 6.9%per year from 2.9% in the era of 1980s according to World Bank. (World Bank 2004:183) a. Competitive advantage: For the labour intensive economies like Uganda the competitive advantage heavily relies on the low cost of labour. In the countries like Uganda where most of the population of the country is leading their life below the poverty line it sometimes become inevitable for the consumers to make their child work so that they can get the basic necessities of life i.e. food, shelter and clothing.

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Research Paper Example Services offered can either be of personal or corporate finance levels. Similar to any other industry, financial sector needs appropriate tools and technologies in managing and delivering services to clients. Use of those tools facilitate efficient and effective service provision; hence enhancing the commercial concept of profitability. This research paper strives to appraise the breadth and depth of technology integration in finance, especially information technology and changes brought by the integration. Four decades ago, information technology only found wide application in military institutions. Military units used secured networks in relying communications. Financial institutions used traditional ledger books in keeping transaction records. Later, banking sector adopted the use of secure communication channels to deliver sensitive information for processes like confirming funds reception. Currently, technology dominates almost every aspect of financial services industry. According to Balling and Lierman (2009), technological tools like computers allow generation of financial statements, budgets and expected rate of return with a single click of an icon. In addition, investment companies can easily make precise predictions of future financial trends using customized software programs. Technology not only enhances production of records but also improves the labor aspects of the industry. Effective communication tools like internet, Skype and video conferencing allows company manage rs to outsource jobs to experts’ location. Times when Wall Street had to mail each client a stamped copy of a general meeting letter are long gone. Moreover, piling of financial records in files became redundant. With rapid evolution of technology, computer systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated, reliable and fast. This speed of evolution created the

The Battle of Somme Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Battle of Somme - Research Paper Example Anglo-French in nature, the Somme offensive aimed at shattering the powers of Germany. The British army led the allied forces consisting of a major part of British and French army. The German army which awaited them retaliated harshly. The first day of the battle proved the most fatal for the British army. At the end of the day, the British army had lost 60000 of its men (Gilbert, pp65-78). Despite the heavy human loss of almost 1 million from both sides, the British Generals of the time have been criticized for the battle. At the end of the battle, the British army had succeeded in capturing only 12 kilometers from the Germans. The allied forces were still 5 kilometers away from Bapaume which had been termed as a major objective of the battle while Germany was still maintaining much of its frontline. One view however favors the offensive that the battle caused a severe blow to the Germany ultimately bringing its defeat in 1918. At the start of battle, the balance in composition amon g the British and French was 20 British and 13 French divisions. Though majority of the composition was British, it had earlier been decided that the attack on German army would be primarily a French offensive. The German onslaught at Verdun forced the French to depute a huge manpower of its army. The Somme offensive aimed at draining the German forces of reserves and the territorial target was the secondary objective. The Verdun onslaught changed the nature of the Somme offensive completely. The aim had then become to shift German resources from Verdun to the defense of Somme (Doughty, p291). The heavy bombardment was planned to precede the attack which began on June 24. It was believed that the fierce bombardment would destroy the German front line. After the destruction of the front line, the allied forces would become able to walk into the no man’s land and take edge over the Germans. Both the British and French artillery had an equal share in the 3000 guns for bombardmen t. After the bombardment, it was planned that a creeping barrage would lead the advancing infantry towards the front line of the Germans then consecutively towards the second and third trench lines. In addition, Rawlinson’s Fourth army was heavily loaded with arms and ammunitions which had the task of consolidation. During the course, the whole Fourth army would attempt a sudden breakthrough by using the cavalry to catch the gap in the German defense lines. After the possession of the German front line, the plan was that the British army would break through to Cambrai and Douai which meant the breakup of German line into two. 750000 soldiers from 27 divisions went into the offensive. About eighty percent of the army was from the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). The figures comparison favored the attacking allied forces as only 16 Divisions German army defended the battlefield of Somme (Keegan, pp290-292). What Happened? The bombardment began and continued for eight consecut ive days. The allied forces of British and France had however looked down upon the strengths of the German army and its strong arrangements. The bombardment had failed to destroy either of the German front line’s barbed wire or the strongly built concrete bunkers. It was evident that the Germans were alert for all of the enemy’s onslaughts. Besides, the munitions and explosives used by the British were defective. Many of them did not explode.