What Tear Gas Is and How It Works

Tear gas, or lachrymatory agent, refers to any of a number of chemical compounds that cause tears and pain in the eyes and sometimes temporary blindness. Tear gas can be used for self-defense, but it is more commonly used as a riot control agent and as a chemical weapon. How Tear Gas Works Tear gas irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, and lungs. The irritation may be caused by a chemical reaction with the sulfhydryl group of enzymes, though other mechanisms also occur. The results of exposure are coughing, sneezing, and tearing. Tear gas generally is non-lethal, but some agents are toxic. Examples of Tear Gas Actually, tear gas agents arent usually gases. Most compounds used as lachrymatory agents are solids at room temperature. They are suspended in solution and sprayed as aerosols or in grenades. There are different types of compounds that may be used as tear gas, but they often share the structural element ZC-C-X, where Z denotes carbon or oxygen and X is bromide or chloride. CS (chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile)CRCN (chloroacetophenone) which may be sold as Macebromoacetonephenacyl bromidexylyl bromidepepper spray (derived from chili peppers and most commonly dissolved in a vegetable oil) Pepper spray is a little different from the other types of tear gas. It is an inflammatory agent that causes inflammation and burning of the eyes, nose, and mouth. While it is more debilitating than a lachrymatory agent, it is harder to deliver, so it is used more for personal protection against a single individual or animal than for crowd control. Sources Feigenbaum, A. (2016). Tear Gas: From the Battlefields of WWI to the Streets of Today. New York and London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-784-78026-5.Rothenberg, C.; Achanta, S.; Svendsen, E.R.; Jordt, S.E. (August 2016). Tear gas: an epidemiological and mechanistic reassessment. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1378 (1): 96–107.  doi:10.1111/nyas.13141Schep, L.J.; Slaughter, R.J.; McBride, D.I. (June 2015). Riot control agents: the tear gases CN, CS and OC-a medical review. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 161 (2): 94–9. doi:10.1136/jramc-2013-000165

Enlightenment, Transcendentalism, and Puritan Theology Essay

Enlightenment, transcendentalism, and puritan theology: 3 philosophies that shaped 3 centuries in America. Since the time periods of each philosophy overlapped with the others, all 3 had similarities as well as differences. From these philosophies came different writers with different views, shaping American prose. A major Enlightenment author was Thomas Paine. Thomas Paine wrote a piece called The Age of Reason. In this piece he fully encompassed the ideologies of the Enlightenment. These included the belief in the perfectibility of a human being, universal benevolence, faith in natural goodness, and the sovereignty of reason. He talked about the flaws in religion and the idea that his own mind is his own church. In his piece he†¦show more content†¦In his piece titled Civil Disobedience, Thoreau talks about the flaws in the American government. He stated that a government where majority rules is not one based on justice. He said that people should be men first, and subjects second. He explained that it is important for a person to live life with their conscience and serve the country with their conscience. In summary, he said that men should be true to themselves and government should recognize the individual as a higher and independent power. He explained that the government couldnt attack ones mind, only their body. In his other piece, titled Walden, Thoreau stated that people needed to simplify their lives and enjoy the small things in life. He said that as one simplifies life, the laws of the universe also become more simple to that person, and one can become one with the world. He emphasized that people need to learn to love their life and accept it as it is. The other transcendental author was Ralph Waldo Emerson. He wrote a piece called Self-Reliance in which he talks about the importance of being an individual, not conforming to the beliefs of others, and staying true to thy self. He said people should learn to appreciate the simple things in life and not value property and material goods as high as they do. He said that one should value the self and the soul most, for in the end staying true to ones self is all that matters. All of the ideas given by these two authors areShow MoreRelatedMahek Mehta Ap Preparation Guide : The Scarlet Letter1175 Words   |  5 Pagesthe most famous of the American romanticist’s works, which often centered on the topic of America’s Puritan history. Led by John Winthrop, the Puritans formed a theology in Massachusetts in the 1630s. They were English Protestants who migrated to the New World and demanded greater religious discipline than their English counterparts. Romanticism was divided in to two philosophies: transcendentalism and antitranscendentalism. The former was more idealistic and emphasized a relationship between humanityRead MoreThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 Pageshumor in portraying what he considered to be the overbearing and intolerant qualities of the Puritans . Histories of early America, especially in New England, were filled with references to the Bible and to Gods will. Nearly all events could be explained from this religious perspective: Foul weather and diseases were perceived as Gods wrath; a bountiful harvest represented Gods blessing. Given the Puritans relationship with God, it is not surprising that sermons and other religious writings dominatedRead MoreReligious Groups Of Colonial America Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pagesand it was this idea that sparked the revolution to end slavery during the age of enlightenment. The protestant reformation sparked a wave of people who believed that the reformation was still incomplete. One of â€Å"the earliest and most constant characteristic of Puritanism (was) the belief that the Church of England had not been sufficiently purged of the theology and worship of Roman Catholicism.† (Bremer 2) Puritans simplified their beliefs by strict adherence to bible standards and took very conscious

Reflective writing on Nursing Skills-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a Reflective writing on Nursing Skills. Answer: In this essay, I will pen down reflections as a part of my interview for the post of Registered nurse. I have selected the question How has your training prepared you for a nursing career. I will reflect on an incident, which occurred whilst I enrolled for my nursing training in college (McAllister, 2013). I will utilize the various aspects of reflective writing model to discuss my training experience and its future implications. I will focus on my knowledge, emotions and action to elucidate how an incident during my training prepared me for a career as a registered nurse. The incident- From the very beginning of my training, I had spent a great deal of time observing how the senior staff approached all patients. I had completed 8 months of my nursing training when this incident occurred. I consider it as an important and critical in-house incident which acted in the form of a wake-up call and created a challenging environment. Mr. Sly, aged 65 years had been admitted in the hospital after he sustained a fracture on twisting his left-ankle in a water puddle. On admission, he complained of severe pain due to fractures to the lateral malleolus on his left ankle. Pain is an unpleasant emotional and sensory experience caused due to tissue damage (Williams Craig, 2016). The accident resulted in undue anxiety to him and his family. A doctor treated his fracture with plaster-cast immobilization and assigned a nurse to take care of him. However, the nurse in-charge did not make any effort to look after his needs or talk to him. He was distressed and had to be calmed down by his family members. My feelings- During our training sessions, I noticed that the nurse-in-charge did not attend him, nor did she keep a record his medical notes. This incident was upsetting, as a staff was responsible for his distress. I could feel his pain and agony. I was anxious and nervous at the same time as I wanted to help him but could not do so without assurance from a senior nurse. There was swelling and bruising in his ankle. Based on my training knowledge, I felt the need of talking to him and recommending my senior to increase his drug doses. Evaluation- I approached him and introduced myself to build a good rapport. I knew what was to be done but needed a reassurance from a senior registered nurse. I tried to initiate contacts with the senior RN who could provide him necessary resources for relief. I assured him I will be back and went to the senior to talk about his condition and how to relieve his pain. My training academics helped to understand the pathophysiology of his twisted ankle. I approached the senior for a reassessment and change of medicine dose. I took his medical charts along and showed that he was on a five hourly administration of 10mg morphine. Morphine is the most effective opioid to reduce acute pain. My mentor analyzed his charts and we changed the dose to five hourly administration of 20 mg morphine (Macintyre Schug, 2014). A competent and responsible nurse was advised to look after him following the declining unprofessionalism of the former nurse-in-charge. Explanation of the situation- We analyzed his medical charts because these records are the best way to monitor a patients conditions and needs (Abell, 2015). On analysis, she confirmed my thought of increasing the analgesic dose to reduce his pain (Macintyre Schug, 2014). On getting back to him, I obtained his informed consent for the reassessment and told him there might be a need to increase his drug dosage to reduce his pain. This seemed to calm him a little. I had the theoretical knowledge that lateral malleolus occurs due to fractures at the end of fibula bone and morphine is the most commonly used opioid to treat acute pain (Odak et al., 2016). It works on the central nervous system. We also prescribed some antiematics to reduce his nausea. He reported good spirit and better health conditions after the reassessment. I worked hand-in-hand with my mentor and observed how she administered the drug and monitored the changes observed in the patient. Understanding- I felt that the unprofessional attitude of the nurse-in-charge hinders care-giving practices. A nurse should always be empathetic towards patients. After a change in dosage of medicines, he did not complain of acute pain and we discharged him the day after. He thanked me for being a patient listener and communicating his problems to the senior. I realized that timely intervention of my mentor helped to reduce his discomfort (Bridges et al., 2017). Instead of being moved by pity for the patients condition, I should always seek guidance from a senior. Intervention form a senior always leads to a quicker outcome. I learned that a patients medical record is a fundamental aspect of nursing practice. Accurate documentation minimizes chances of errors and provides evidence for increase in drug doses when required. I also learned that pain is often related to subjective experiences (Wilcox et al., 2015). My future practice would include exhaustive study on pain management and patient records documentation. I will reflect on the ways of increasing effectiveness of nursing practice. I will prioritize my patients, show empathy towards them and try to make them feel comfortable. I will also focus on the use different assessment tools and VDS (verbal-description scales) to assess pain intensity and response to opioids (Athlin, Carlsson Gunningberg, 2015). I will also sharpen my communication skills because effective communication with a patient is a prerequisite for building a strong patient-nurse relationship. Therefore, I conclude from the incident mentioned above that, my nursing training helped me gain knowledge on the different aspects of nursing practice and providing care and relief to patients. I will try to utilize my training experience on my placement as a registered nurse. References Abell, C. H., Bragg-Underwood, T., Alexander, L., Abell, C. E., Burd, V. (2015). Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes toward Implementation of Electronic Medical Records.International Journal of Faith Community Nursing,1(3), 74. Athlin, . M., Carlsson, M., Gunningberg, L. (2015). To receive or not to receive analgesics in the emergency department: the importance of the pain intensity assessment and initial nursing assessment.Pain Management Nursing,16(5), 743-750. Bridges, J., May, C., Griffiths, P., Fuller, A., Wigley, W., Gould, L., ... Libberton, P. (2017). Optimising impact and sustainability: a qualitative process evaluation of a complex intervention targeted at compassionate care.BMJ Quality Safety. Macintyre, P. E., Schug, S. A. (2014).Acute pain management: a practical guide. CRC Press. McAllister, L. (2013). Reflective Practice: The What, the Why and the How, of Reflection?.The ANZTLA EJournal, (7), 50-63. Odak, S., Ahluwalia, R., Unnikrishnan, P., Hennessy, M., Platt, S. (2016). Management of posterior malleolar fractures: a systematic review.The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery,55(1), 140-145. Wilcox, C. E., Mayer, A. R., Teshiba, T. M., Ling, J., Smith, B. W., Wilcox, G. L., Mullins, P. G. (2015). The subjective experience of pain: An FMRI study of percept-related models and functional connectivity.Pain Medicine,16(11), 2121-2133. Williams, A. C. D. C., Craig, K. D. (2016). Updating the definition of pain.Pain,157(11), 2420-2423.

The Crucible Background Notes Essays - Salem Witch Trials

The Crucible: Background Notes PART B Arthur Miller was an American play writer and novelist. He was born in New York on Oct. 17, 1915, and attended the University of Michigan. He began his career as a radio script writer. As his lifestyle began to calm down, Miller decided to marry Inge Morath. Arthur Miller was well regarded as an excellent American writer. In fact some critics consider him as having the most serious attempt to gain as much attention as the Greek and Elizabethan writers did. His talent of writing began to exceed standards set by other american writers, and this allowed him to become a two time winner of the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. His awards did not distract him from his work, as he continued to win awards such as the Pulitzer Prize, [from the story: Death of a Salesman (1949)] and the Antoinette Perry Award. Of all these awards, the one that he may value the most is the gold medal that he was awarded for dramatic arts from The National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1959. As an American writer, Arthur Miller published dramas including: All My Sons (1947) Death of a Salesman (1949) The Crucible (1953) A View from the Bridge (1955) A Memory of Two Mondays (1955) After the Fall (1963) Incident at Vichy (1964) The Price (1968) The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972) Arthur Miller's first and only screenplay that he produced was released in 1960, and was called "The Misfits", starring Marilyn Monroe. He also wrote a short story called "I Don't Need You Any More", in 1967. His novels included: Focus (1945) In Russia (1969) In the Country (1969) Arthur Miller lead an exciting and most interesting lifestyle. For further information on his life, there is a published autobiography on Arthur Miller, and it is called "Timebends". PART A Question #9 Salem & The Puritans Salem was originated by the puritans in the early 1600's, and is part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It originated eight years after The Mayflower's journey to the "New world". The Mayflower was the first ship to bring settlers to the Massachusetts area. The new group of settlers that came, consisted of Puritans. These People were in search of religious freedom ever since the late 1500's, during the time of King James I. They thought that the church of England treated its people unfairly, and thus disapproved of the church, believing that it needed "Purification". As the people belonging to this Puritan group became stronger in spirit and size, they decided to make a request to King James I to start up their own religious group and make their own version of the bible. The Kings reply at this time was a mere approval, but later this caused controversy, and the Puritans were forced to be taken to the "New world", or face persecution. The first settlement found by the Puritans was Jamestown, located in Virginia. Other settlements were also founded by the Puritans this way, one being Boston. Salem Witch Hunts In reality, the story of "The Crucible" is a recreation of certain events that went on during the early 1700's. Because of dramatic purposes, some of the characters characteristics have been combined into one character. The number of people in certain scenes have been reduced. Only the main ones were kept to keep the point of the story stable. Some of the main characters lived the same lives as told in the story, and unfortunately some died the same way also. There are many legends of witchcraft in the Salem area. Most of them are true, but as time passed on the outline changed. In "The Crucible" it was noted that Parris was voted from office, and never really heard of again. Abigale on the other hand turned up becoming a prostitute in Boston. Twenty years after the executions of Salem, the government allowed the victims that were still alive certain compensations. Even though all seemed to be resolved, it was evident around the town that witchcraft was still going on, and that some of the truth was still not heard of. Some of the homes of the victims that were dead remained